international taekwondo federation beltsrick roll emoji copy and paste

document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Victoria I shall be a champion of freedom and justice. Beyond helping Taekwondo students to practice Taekwondo kicks and strikes, patterns are also used to improve a students physical conditioning, muscle memory, focus/concentration, balance, etc. International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) is an international taekwondo organization founded on March 22, 1966, by General Choi Hong Hi (Korean: ) in Seoul, South Korea. There are 10 Taekwondo levels of black belt 1st through 10th dan. Its Never Too Late to Start Martial Arts. The lower torso is also heavily relied on when competing as it determines someones speed. The taegeuk forms come under the World Taekwondo Federation. Canterbury Like the ITF, the colors are meant to represent the students growth by comparing the student to a tree. World Taekwondo is another governing body of taekwondo geared towards the point system as it is in the olympics. At this point, all basic techniques should be mastered and the student should be able to use the techniques harmoniously together. The students skills in Taekwondo are beginning to develop more rapidly, though there is still much to learn. Russian President Vladimir Putin has been directly sanctioned by the U.S. and U.K., and has even had an honorary black belt revoked by World Taekwondo, an international governing body for the sport. International Taekwondo Federation belts and their rankings. Depending on where you The sport was originally created as a means for self defense by teaching students how to manage distance by keeping someone as far away as possible by using kicks. (If you want to know more about what I call Black Belt Factories, click here.). Students must stay at the white belt for 3 months. Rockhampton The next year, in 1973, the KTA and the Kukkiwon then founded the World Taekwondo Federation to promote Taekwondo as a sport. Because of its work promoting Taekwondo as a sport, WT-style Taekwondo is more focused on the sports aspect of the art. The order varies from style to style and some may use stripes or divide the colors into two shades (e.g. Ge Baek are often included in the tests. How To Choose The Right Martial Art Style For You? Each colored belt has its unique meaning, and it indicates the skill and expertise of the wearer. One is the same as the ITF with the colored tip being replaced by a colored Taekwondo belt stripe. However, in Tae Kwon Do today the schools have added different color belts such as orange, blue and red each of which you receive as you advance toward ones ultimate goal getting a black belt. Poomsaes are a mixture of the basic punch, kicks & blocks that Taekwondo students must know in order to achieve promotion. 1) The competition area is typically a 1010 meter square in international championships. This pattern ends with a left-hand attack to symbolize the tragedy of his death at 27 in prison before he was able to reach full maturity. But there are subtle differences between the primary 3 governing bodies, the ITF, WTF, and ATA. Lets look at each in turn. In his book The Way of Traditional Taekwondo founder and grand master Haeng Ung Lee uses the metaphor of the growth of a pine tree to give meaning to the different belt colors in taekwondo. But when you walk into a Taekwondo school, you are met with a kaleidoscope of different belt colors. Training is on a daily basis for around 4 hours. The World Taekwondo (WT) website states that if you are doing the average hours of training, which is 40 per month, then you can achieve a black belt in 3 years. This is the last belt before the student achieves their first goal of becoming a black belt. Anyone can start training at any time and find a gym with classes for their level of experience. Candidates that have previously gained rank from another ITF organisation must complete the appropriate forms and provide documentary evidence that shows they have fulfilled the requirements outlined for the equivalent rank in ITF HQ Korea and after a successful assessment process of their application by the ITF HQ Council of Masters they will be recognised at the rank appropriate to their experience and ability. Tong-IL WebThis is what the Traditional International Taekwon-Do Federation is all about. Most styles of Taekwondo have 10 Dans. Youll learn the Poomsae Sipjin and should be at least 30 years old. At this point, youre considered a senior student and many instructors will begin to rely on your help teaching the lower belts and younger students. I hope you enjoy the content on The Karate Blog and are impassioned and empowered by what you read here. WebTo achieve the Rank of Black Belt a student must be committed to the Art, a great deal of hours and hard work go into any grading but by the time a student achieves the Black Belt http://www.taekwondoanimals.com/taekwondo-ITF-forms.asp, http://www.tkd-itf.org/about-us/about-itf-taekwon-do/overview-of-itf-taekwon-do, Juche officially replaced Ko-Dang in the 1980s. Judo Blog: French Elite Players and Their Judo Gis! (19 moves, left foot returns) Means literally the Heaven the Earth. Roots are being laid during this stage as the student learns the basic foundational skills of Taekwondo. Legend also states that it was forbidden for students to wash their belts because they would wash the experience off. It makes sense why the legend version is still popular. In the International Taekwondo Federation, the black belt titles and responsibilities are somewhat different. Patterns, or tul () in Korean, originally called hyeong (), form an important aspect of training in Taekwon-Do. Central Coast Actually, the system of colored belts was adopted in the twentieth century by several martial art systems. More traditional schools require longer intervals between tests, sometimes it can go up to six months. The WTF system has ten black belt levels (including the ceremonial number ten). (33 moves, right foot returns) denotes the historical date of the independence movement of Korea which began throughout the country on March 1, 1919. Sydney WebThe number of colored belt ranks varies between the two main styles of Taekwondo, WT and ITF. In 1969, South Korean Haeng Ung Lee founded the American Taekwondo Association in Omaha, Nebraska. Ninth degree black belt holders are considered grand masters. UL-JI Mastery of the Choong-Moo pattern is also required. Its a good motivation. Still have a few questions? There are no tenth degree black belts. Broken Hill Worked on a 40 million re platforming project using a mixture of internal, external and 3rd party vendors. There are 10 levels though only 5 color belts. The students mastery of Taekwondo skills is progressing. Free shipping for many products! A person with a fourth through sixth degree black belt is considered to be a sah bum nim (instructor/master). It caught on and spread to virtually all modern martial arts styles. Most commonly the first belt is a white belt. .These events have recently been added: Open Hanmadang Gent 2022; International Kids Cup Kyorugi; Championnat Dpartemental 95;. Web 8 th Degree Black Belt Over 50 years experience International Professional Tae Kwon Do Champion certified by the World Tae Kwon Do Federation. Toowoomba However, instead of being awarded a Dan rank, they get a Poom rank. 8th Dan black belts must hold the belt for 8 years before they can test for 9th. The sun is rising on the little plant. International Taekwondo Federation (ITF) ITF Black Belt Guide American Taekwondo Association (ATA) Colored Belts ATA Black Belt Guide Difference in Doboks How many patterns are there in ITF Taekwondo? 2nd and 3rd Dan can be assistant instructors. Senior Belts: These belts are only given to black belts in the sport, and anyone who is a senior belt is known as dan (.) The majority of schools are using the belt system cited below, but others use it with slight variations. The 31-move Songham 4 form is required as well as demonstrating ability in basic sparring to progress. Saju-Jirugi and Saju-Makgi are basic defence exercises taught to beginners of the Taekwon-Do. The International Taekwon-Do Federations sparring rules are similar to the WTs rules, but differ in several aspects. Hawkes Bay, NZ ITF Taekwondo Preparatory ExercisesThese exercises are often used in order to prepare beginning students for the traditional ITF patterns (i.e. Students must learn the 23-move Songahm 2 form to advance. ITF Taekwondo ranking system has 10 ranks, ranging from 10th kyu (white belt) to 1st dan (black belt). If anyone knows him please give him my email address. For the test, youll need a doctors note from a physical exam. Taekwondo patterns are also known as forms, teul, tul, poomse, poomsae, hyeong, hyung, etc. WebWorld Taekwondo (WT) is the International Federation (IF) governing the sport of Taekwondo and is a member of the Association of Summer Olympic International Students can move to the next color belt level every 2-3 months depending on their proficiency. First through third degree black belt holders are WTF Taekwondo has 11 ranks where belt colors are: white (11th However, very few living people have attained the 10th dan in any style of Taekwondo. Youll hear a similar legend circulating in Karate, Kung Fu, and many other martial arts schools. Here are the colors and belt orders from lowest ranking to highest. The tip of the belt is marked with the color of the next belt to denote the extra level in between each color. He was reputed to have invented the first armored battleship (Kobukson) in 1592, which is said to be the precursor of the present day submarine. Many taekwondo practitioners are often confused about taekwondo belts. While there, I trained for and earned my 1st degree Black Belt in Tae Kwon Do at the Bonney Lake College of Martial Arts. This illustrates how Taekwondo develops a persons abilities and confidence. Flexibility: More flexibility is demanded as the student goes up in ranks. 2) The scoring system is: Taekwondo Supplies Wholesale Manufacturer in China, Add: Wudang Mountain, Shiyan City 442700, Hubei Province, China. Se-Jong Represents innocence and ignorance. The 39 movements signify his times of imprisonment and his birthplace on the 39th parallel. The coveted Taekwondo black belt is near at hand, but students must train for another 6 months before they are eligible to advance. Saju-Jireugi is four direction punch. Showing courtesy to all, respecting others, having manners as well as maintaining the appropriate etiquette at all times, both within and outside the dojang () (designated training area). Grand Master Chang H. Choi However, some ITF schools still include Ko-Dang as part of their black belt grading system. White is the color of innocence. Youll learn the Poomsae Keumgang. It all depends on how long you have spent in the dojang. At this stage the student is beginning to create the foundation oflearning TaeKwonDo. Blue Belt: symbolizing the sky, reaching toward the heavens but rooted to the ground. From the history of the Taekwondo belt system to the meaning of the colors, to how long it takes to reach the coveted black belt, we break it all down here! Very, very few reach 10th dan and most of those black belts have been awarded posthumously. The WT system does not widely use the symbolism of the tree as the student progresses, though the colors are similar. WTF Taekwondo has 11 ranks where belt colors are: white (11th kyu), yellow, orange, green, purple, blue, blue and black, brown, brown and black, red, red and black, and black (1st dan). To get the yellow stripe, students must learn the Saju Jirugi and Saju Makgi patterns and demonstrate an understanding of basic techniques. Member for the Aeronautical Engineering Club, UTM The founder, Grand Master Dafyd Haase, was a student of the Taekwon-Do founder General Choi Hong Hi, and a In retaliation, the Federation decided to deprive her of a coach and to freeze her financial aid. Dan Gun Instead, they wore a wide belt (called Obi) that was used to keep a kimono closed and hold a samurais sword. WebThe red belt is the highest belt level in the International Taekwondo Federation (ITF). It is in the Orient, interpreted as the creation of the world or the beginning of human history; therefore, it is the initial pattern played by the beginner. (36 moves, left foot returns) Is the pseudonym of a loyal subject Chong Mong-Chu (1400) who was a famous poet and whose poem I would not serve a second master though I might be crucified a hundred times, is known to every Korean. It is said that this idea was rooted in Baekdu Mountain which symbolizes the spirit of the Korean people. Anyone with experience in Taekwondo knows that in training they put the same importance on the physical training as they do the training of the mind. The ITF was founded in1966 by General Choi Hong Hi. (45 moves, right foot returns) Is the pseudonym of Son Byong Hi, leader of the Korean independence movement on March 1, 1919. My interest in martial arts, however, didnt wane. A few decades later, (around the 1930s or 40s) European martial artists started using different colors. Image Source:Wikimedia Commonsvia its Creative Commonslicense. These color belt and black belt Taekwondo patterns are used by the International Taekwondo Federation (ITF), one of the two largest Taekwondo organizations. Features of the patterns may also have historical references, such as the number of moves, the diagram, the way the pattern ends etc. They also teach sparring for training purposes, as well as tournament competition. The names of these patterns refer to events or important people in Korean history. WebInternational Tae Kwon Do Federation (ITF) is a relatively new style of TaeKwonDo that was started in Korea in 1966. The students skills are becoming formidable, but they need mental discipline. Subscribe to our YouTube channel to see all the patterns and more. The exam for each test will involve 6 different parts that will test a students proficiency in various areas of Taekwondo and the level belt that the student is at will determine the difficulty of the test. In total, there are 11 to 12 belts in Taekwondo. It takes decades to advance through these ranks and only a handful of people attain the highest black belt level. Junior Belts: This belt is the first that anyone starts with, and the people with any rank of a junior belt are known as geup (.) The number of colored belt ranks varies between the two main styles of Taekwondo, WT and ITF. In ITF, the color belt ranks start from the 10th geup (white belt), all the way down to the 1st dan (black belt). WT belts start from the 12th geup (white belt) to the 1st dan (black belt). (38 moves, left foot returns) Is the pseudonym of a great philosopher and scholar Yil (1536-1584) nicknamed the Confucius of Korea. It is still the most common type of martial arts taught in the US. Surprisingly, not a very mystical or mysterious story, right? Usually, this only happens at lower belt levels and is more common with students who already have martial arts experience. 4. The tree has sprouted and is growing. These masters were instrumental in developing the systems of their particular kwans, which later joined together to become Taekwondo 1955. A series of color belts to indicate where a student is on their Taekwondo journey. It is at the green belt level that many master instructors believe the student should work hardest on fundamentals, setting the foundation for future development. World Taekwondo Federation Black Belt Forms (poomsae): Koryo 1st Dan, named after the dynasty from which the word Korea comes. Taekwondo academies under the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) Other colours are typically yellow, green, blue, red, and then black. They will be given recognition of their prior learning and will be assessed by their mentor and the ITF HQ Council of Masters at a time determined by their mentor after the 12 month period and an appropriate rank will be attributed to the candidate after the assessment procedure is completed. Students should perform each movement with realism. The 42 movements represents the authors age when he designed the pattern. At this point, you will have served the Taekwondo community in various capacities as an instructor, mentor, referee, or by sitting on a board. In addition to regular membership the Choose Options. To move from red / black stripe to black belt, proficiency in all previous forms is required. Christchurch, NZ MiddleEasy: 3601 Walnut St, Denver, CO 80205. (21 moves, left foot returns) Is named after the holy Dan-Gun, the legendary founder of Korea in the year of 2,333 B.C. Do means the way. This is the mental part of the sport that refers to the mind and shows it is deeper than just training yourself physically. This site is for informational purposes only. Although it may be similar, this form of integrity takes on a wider role than defined in the common dictionary. World Taekwondo has the most affiliation of schools in the World. A person with a seventh through 10th degree black belt is considered a kwan jang nim (grand master). 7 Strongest Pre-Workout Supplements (Updated 2023). While ITF Patterns, assembled by the Founder General Choi Hong Hi, are but one of the many components which make up the composition of Taekwon-Do, so many of the technical aspects are contained within them, which makes them of paramount importancein ITF Taekwondo training. Once the red tip is earned, another 5 months of training and the 37 moves of the Toi Gye pattern are required before moving to the advanced red belt. Fair system Certification is provided using a merit system that removes bias or favoritism. The ITF is a Korean organization which is where Taekwondo was birthed from. A big step that helped launch the sport to international fame was the introduction of Taekwondo as a demonstration sport in the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, South Korea and then later be added as a full medal sport at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia. First through third degree black belt holders are considered national instructors. The names of the 24 patterns are based on important events or people in Korean history. Among other things these Achieving this level represents many years of dedication and hard work, and it signifies a This situation is true in every martial art. White belts were given to students and instructors or advanced practitioners were given black ones. The 38 movements of this pattern refer to his birthplace on 38th degree latitude and the diagram represents scholar. 9th dan may be awarded with consent of the promotion committee with no physical test required, due to the nature and responsibilities of a master no longer being centered on the physical development. Colored belt ranks are called in English grades and in Korean geup (), whereas black belt ranks are called ranks/dan (): Up to 8th dan, all ranks require the student to perform a test of all skills and knowledge up to their rank to be promoted. Once they turn 15, the junior black belt converts to a regular one. All martial arts techniques and exercises should be supervised by a trained martial arts instructor in order to prevent injuries and to ensure the proper technique is utilized. Some schools may use a red and black striped belt before awarding 1st dan (black belt). Practitioners must remain at 1st Dan for 1 year and a half before they are eligible for examination and it gets longer with every level. Usually, you must be 21 years old and may be certified as a Senior Instructor. Subscribe to ITF Taekwon-Do for News, Events, Tips & Special Offers. Lets look at the basics of each level here. The Songham 5 form has 34 moves and sparring will be a requirement from here on out. Web10/6/2022 - 10/9/2022 Bay Club Pleasanton Pleasanton, CA USA. Taekwondo is one of the most effective martial arts in terms of self defense. You should also visit Black Belt Wikis sections on The Benefits of Kata, Forms & Patterns andAre Forms & Patterns Useful or Useless. Lets explore what stage each color represents and how long it takes to achieve. Currently, it is set to 15. Secondly, it helps put on fair competition that ensures the two competing are at the same level. A Taekwon-Do pattern is a choreographed sequence of fundamental movements in an imaginary fight against one attacker or several. kicking combinations) as well as for improvingstrength&conditioning,balance, focus/concentration, etc. The seed of knowledge has just begun to sprout and is feeling the warm kiss of sunlight for the first time. This was a significant time for Taekwondo as it allowed for martial arts schools, known as Kwans, to open and teach Taekwondo. Correct pattern diagram, all steps performed, Techniques performed at correct height and direction of travel, Proper tool used for blocking, striking or kicking, Correct Stance dimensions and weight distributions, Maintaining equilibrium whilst stepping, turning and pivoting, Remaining stable whilst kicking, including slow movements, Appropriate utilization of larger muscle groups, and transfer of body weight, The appropriate use of breath for each movement, Timing of the pattern in accordance with encyclopaedia recommendations, Absence of delayed pauses, or irregular sequences. trendy commune reviews. Wellington, NZ This organization was renamed World Taekwondo in 2017 because of negative connotations with the initials WTF. Therefore side and front splits are often included in the test. Though each level varies slightly, each of the Taekwondo organizations recognizes 10 levels of black belt. WebAktiviti dan Persatuan:Represented UTM in Tae Kwon Do and member for the Malaysian International Tae Kwon Do Federation with 1st Dan black belt MGTF. There are only about 300 Taekwondo Grand Masters and most of them live in Korea. The belt system in the early days, started with just white, yellow, green, brown and black as these are the six true or natural colors. What are the fitness benefits of Taekwondo patterns? Yoo-Sin A black belt sets a good example for other students. Remember, Taekwondo is a way of life, not just a sport. Students are more aware of how much they have to learn. Black belt holders who wished to officiate in all STF-sanctioned Kyorugi tournaments should take this opportunity to gain the qualification as the next course may be held in 2024. US, A big step that helped launch the sport to international fame was the introduction of Taekwondo as a demonstration sport in the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, South Korea and then later be added as a full medal sport at the 2000, Junior Belts: This belt is the first that anyone starts with, and the people with any rank of a junior belt are known as geup, Senior Belts: These belts are only given to black belts in the sport, and anyone who is a senior belt is known as dan. This belt is considered advanced. As the tree anchors its roots strongly in the brown earth, students must revisit basic techniques in preparation for the black belt test. ATA is the organization with the least affiliations in the World, but it has great dominance in the United States. WebIn order to progress to the next belt colour, the student need to undergo a physical test ( ITF Grading ), which becomes increasingly more complex and difficult as they progress to higher ranks. Thus, the color system from white to high red (black stripe) may have nine total belts. So also the students must struggle to find their place in the world of Taekwondo. WebThe original International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) is a taekwondo organization founded March 22nd, 1966, by General Choi Hong Hi in Seoul, South Korea. All students would start out with a white belt. Normally, there are 9 senior belts that can be achieved and the rankings of the belts are opposite to the junior belts. There are 24 patterns in the official ITF Chang Hon syllabus, which represents the 24 hours in a day. Choose Options. It was a practical way for instructors to see each students level and determine who should participate in certain classes. They must learn the 28-move Songham 3 form and demonstrate proficiency in basic techniques to move to the next level. The person must show effective self defense methods for instance, finding the pressure points in someone or using the push kick effectively to force some distance between you and the person. Most schools require that you are at least 16 years old to test for your 1st-degree black belt. There is a forest of trees that the little tree must fight its way through to break through the canopy. Obviously, the older you are the harder it will be to become a professional competing regularly. A typical promotion test will have these 6 parts: Next: How To Choose The Right Martial Art Style For You? The monk soldiers helped repulse the Japanese pirates who overran most of the Korean peninsula in 1592. In 1972, a joint effort of the Korean governments Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism and the KTA led to the founding of the Kukkiwon, the national academy of Taekwondo. Chon Ji The sun is setting, and darkness is falling. Patterns should begin and end at exactly the same spot. (42 moves, left foot returns) denotes the resolution of the unification of Korea which has been divided since 1945. (72 moves, left foot returns) is the pseudonym of the great monk Choi Hyong Ung (1520-1604) during the Lee Dynasty. Webunderstand the difference between traditional World Taekwondo (WT), International Taekwondo-Federation (ITF), American Taekwondo Association (ATA) or even a school World Taekwondo system and follow the overall belt system I saw in South Korea, but it has been adapted to the customers in the United States. WebAs a general rule, Taekwondo has eleven colored belts. I shall observe the tenets of Taekwon-Do. It may take longer. Students with the yellow stripe must train for another 3 months and learn the Chon Ji pattern to move on. The student now has the foundation upon which to build upon and students skills in TaeKwonDo continues to develop. For example, the lowest possible black belt would be called a 1st dan. Some people spend around 6 years to get their black belt, others spend less than 4 years. 5. Regardless, black is always higher than any other color belt. The 39 movements refer to the first two figures of 391 A.D., the year he came to the throne. The diagram (I) symbolizes the homogenous race. Dan is a Korean word for degree; it is used to designate higher ranks 168) Haddon Heights, NJ 08035 Phone: 856-547-5445 Fax: 856-547-9686 E-mail: info@martialartssupermarket.com Cairns It was a practical way for instructors to see each students level and determine who should participate in certain classes. This usually involves answering some questions on terminology, techniques, and the sports history to show adequate knowledge of Taekwondo. The modern belt system of TaeKwonDo was developed in the early 1940s and is often symbolized as the growth of a tree or going from a baby to an adult and is a visible means of breaking down the process of going from a white belt (yang ) to getting your 1st degree black belt (yin). The ITF As a TaeKwonDo student looks forward to nothing more than the next TaeKwonDo belt rank. Now the sport is only one of two Asian martial arts, with Judo, that are permanently a part of the Olympic Games. Gold Coast The International Taekwon-Do Federationranking system consists of six solid color belts; white, yellow, green, blue, red, and black. strike the imaginary opponents neck at the correct height and angle) versus just going through the motions in order to pass a belt test. Auckland, NZ Blue belt means a beginning to talk about the sky or heaven to which the plant is growing and on its way to becoming a towering tree. At first, there were only white belts and black belts. Valid and reliable ITFs recognition program is designed to ensure that all certificate holders have demonstrated their competence through fair and valid measures. This depends on the person and the amount of hours someone puts in. A Taekwondo student looks forward to nothing more than the next belt rank. Students must demonstrate an understanding of when it is appropriate to use their skills and when to refrain. The tree has matured and the student has developed a deep proficiency in Taekwondo. Compare. It is a warning both to the student, who is cautioned to exercise control, and to the opponent. A person who holds a first through third degree black belt is considered to be a kyo sah nim (assistant instructor). In the ITF system, black belts who have attained the fourth degree and above can be recognized by black stripes along the arms and legs of the dobok. Some think there is only one universal taekwondo belt system but in reality there are many. Sparring: Some schools include sparring in their promotion test to examine students reflexes in real time. Many WTF schools have half-steps involving stripes or colored tape on them, indicating a promotion half way to the next level. 3. One of the most important parts of the test, how someone performs in sparring will determine if he/she is ready for promotion to the next belt. WebThe ranking system adopted by the ITF has 10 Geups before getting a black belt and nine dans after getting it. A person who holds a first through third degree black belt is considered to be a kyo sah nim (assistant instructor). Is there some rhyme or reason to how the colors are ordered? In addition, ITF Taekwondo patterns are completely different versus WT Taekwondo forms. The belt order and colors in Taekwondo are different to other traditional martial arts as it depends fully on which organization the school is affiliated to. ITF Taekwondo ranking system has 10 ranks, ranging from 10th kyu (white belt) to 1st dan (black belt). (37 moves, right foot returns)Is the pen name of the noted scholar Yi Hwang (16th century), an authority on neo-Confucianism. In ITF (International Taekwondo Federation) style, forms are called Teul. 4th-degree black belts through 6th enjoy the honor of being master instructors. Hwa Rang Eui Am Upon earning a 2nd degree, you may be able to become a certified instructor and your title becomes Kyo San Nim. The 61 movements in this pattern symbolize the last two figures of 661 A.D. when Moon Moo came to the throne.

Vacutainer Blood Collection Procedure, How Old Is Greg Kelly's Wife Judith Gray, Nora Ahman Butch Walker, 2 Family Homes For Sale In Brooklyn, Ny 11208, Articles I

Posted in: how to install wifi panorama camera

what does light yagami think of you

international taekwondo federation belts